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Population genomics of domestic and wild yeasts.

机译：家庭和野生酵母的种群基因组学。

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Since the completion of the genome sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in 1996 (refs 1, 2), there has been a large increase in complete genome sequences, accompanied by great advances in our understanding of genome evolution. Although little is known about the natural and life histories of yeasts in the wild, there are an increasing number of studies looking at ecological and geographic distributions, population structure and sexual versus asexual reproduction. Less well understood at the whole genome level are the evolutionary processes acting within populations and species that lead to adaptation to different environments, phenotypic differences and reproductive isolation. Here we present one- to fourfold or more coverage of the genome sequences of over seventy isolates of the baker's yeast S. cerevisiae and its closest relative, Saccharomyces paradoxus. We examine variation in gene content, single nucleotide polymorphisms, nucleotide insertions and deletions, copy numbers and transposable elements. We find that phenotypic variation broadly correlates with global genome-wide phylogenetic relationships. S. paradoxus populations are well delineated along geographic boundaries, whereas the variation among worldwide S. cerevisiae isolates shows less differentiation and is comparable to a single S. paradoxus population. Rather than one or two domestication events leading to the extant baker's yeasts, the population structure of S. cerevisiae consists of a few well-defined, geographically isolated lineages and many different mosaics of these lineages, supporting the idea that human influence provided the opportunity for cross-breeding and production of new combinations of pre-existing variations.
机译：自1996年酿酒酵母的基因组序列完成（参考文献1、2）以来，完整的基因组序列有了很大的增加，伴随着我们对基因组进化的了解有了长足的进步。尽管对于野生酵母的自然和生命史知之甚少，但越来越多的研究关注生态和地理分布，种群结构以及有性繁殖与无性繁殖。在整个基因组水平上鲜为人知的是在种群和物种中起作用的进化过程导致适应不同环境，表型差异和生殖分离。在这里，我们介绍了面包酵母酵母酿酒酵母及其最亲近的寄生酵母（Saccharomyces paradoxus）的70多个分离株的基因组序列的1-4倍或更多覆盖率。我们研究了基因含量，单核苷酸多态性，核苷酸插入和缺失，拷贝数和转座因子的变异。我们发现，表型变异与全球全基因组系统发育关系广泛相关。悖论链球菌种群沿地理边界被很好地描绘出来，而全球酿酒酵母分离株之间的差异显示出较少的分化，可与单个悖论链球菌种群相比。酿酒酵母的种群结构不是由一到两次导致现存面包酵母的驯化事件引起的，而是由一些界限分明的，地理上分离的谱系以及这些谱系的许多不同镶嵌组成，从而支持以下观点：人为因素提供了机会杂交和生产现有变体的新组合。

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